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An implementation of a deque (double-ended queue). The underlying implementation uses a seq.

Note: None of the procs that get an individual value from the deque should be used on an empty deque.

If compiled with the boundChecks option, those procs will raise an IndexDefect on such access. This should not be relied upon, as -d:danger or --checks:off will disable those checks and then the procs may return garbage or crash the program.

As such, a check to see if the deque is empty is needed before any access, unless your program logic guarantees it indirectly.

Example:

import std/deques
var a = [10, 20, 30, 40].toDeque

doAssertRaises(IndexDefect, echo a[4])

a.addLast(50)
assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]"

assert a.peekFirst == 10
assert a.peekLast == 50
assert len(a) == 5

assert a.popFirst == 10
assert a.popLast == 50
assert len(a) == 3

a.addFirst(11)
a.addFirst(22)
a.addFirst(33)
assert $a == "[33, 22, 11, 20, 30, 40]"

a.shrink(fromFirst = 1, fromLast = 2)
assert $a == "[22, 11, 20]"

Imports

since, assertions, hashes, math

Types

Deque[T] = object

A double-ended queue backed with a ringed seq buffer.

To initialize an empty deque, use the initDeque proc.

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Consts

defaultInitialSize = 4: Source Edit

Procs

proc `$`[T](deq: Deque[T]): string: Turns a deque into its string representation.
Example:

let a = [10, 20, 30].toDeque assert $a == "[10, 20, 30]"
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func `==`[T](deq1, deq2: Deque[T]): bool: The == operator for Deque. Returns true if both deques contains the same values in the same order.
Example:

var a, b = initDeque[int]() a.addFirst(2) a.addFirst(1) b.addLast(1) b.addLast(2) doAssert a == b
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proc `[]`[T](deq: Deque[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): lent T {.inline.}: Accesses the backwards indexed i-th element.

deq[^1] is the last element.

Example:

let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque assert a[^1] == 50 assert a[^4] == 20 doAssertRaises(IndexDefect, echo a[^9])
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proc `[]`[T](deq: Deque[T]; i: Natural): lent T {.inline.}: Accesses the i-th element of deq.
Example:

let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque assert a[0] == 10 assert a[3] == 40 doAssertRaises(IndexDefect, echo a[8])
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proc `[]`[T](deq: var Deque[T]; i: BackwardsIndex): var T {.inline.}: Accesses the backwards indexed i-th element and returns a mutable reference to it.

deq[^1] is the last element.

Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque inc(a[^1]) assert a[^1] == 51
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proc `[]`[T](deq: var Deque[T]; i: Natural): var T {.inline.}: Accesses the i-th element of deq and returns a mutable reference to it.
Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque inc(a[0]) assert a[0] == 11
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proc `[]=`[T](deq: var Deque[T]; i: BackwardsIndex; x: sink T) {.inline.}: Sets the backwards indexed i-th element of deq to x.

deq[^1] is the last element.

Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque a[^1] = 99 a[^3] = 77 assert $a == "[10, 20, 77, 40, 99]"
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proc `[]=`[T](deq: var Deque[T]; i: Natural; val: sink T) {.inline.}: Sets the i-th element of deq to val.
Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque a[0] = 99 a[3] = 66 assert $a == "[99, 20, 30, 66, 50]"
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proc addFirst[T](deq: var Deque[T]; item: sink T): Adds an item to the beginning of deq.

See also:

addLast proc

Example:

var a = initDeque[int]() for i in 1 .. 5: a.addFirst(10 * i) assert $a == "[50, 40, 30, 20, 10]"
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proc addLast[T](deq: var Deque[T]; item: sink T): Adds an item to the end of deq.

See also:

addFirst proc

Example:

var a = initDeque[int]() for i in 1 .. 5: a.addLast(10 * i) assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]"
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proc clear[T](deq: var Deque[T]) {.inline.}: Resets the deque so that it is empty.

See also:

shrink proc

Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]" clear(a) assert len(a) == 0
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proc contains[T](deq: Deque[T]; item: T): bool {.inline.}: Returns true if item is in deq or false if not found.

Usually used via the in operator. It is the equivalent of deq.find(item) >= 0.

Example:

let q = [7, 9].toDeque assert 7 in q assert q.contains(7) assert 8 notin q
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func hash[T](deq: Deque[T]): Hash: Hashing of Deque. Source Edit
proc initDeque[T](initialSize: int = defaultInitialSize): Deque[T]: Creates a new empty deque.

Optionally, the initial capacity can be reserved via initialSize as a performance optimization (default: defaultInitialSize). The length of a newly created deque will still be 0.

See also:

toDeque proc

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func len[T](deq: Deque[T]): int {.inline.}: Returns the number of elements of deq. Source Edit
proc peekFirst[T](deq: Deque[T]): lent T {.inline.}: Returns the first element of deq, but does not remove it from the deque.

See also:

peekFirst proc which returns a mutable reference

peekLast proc

Example:

let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]" assert a.peekFirst == 10 assert len(a) == 5
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proc peekFirst[T](deq: var Deque[T]): var T {.inline.}: Returns a mutable reference to the first element of deq, but does not remove it from the deque.

See also:

peekFirst proc

peekLast proc

Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque a.peekFirst() = 99 assert $a == "[99, 20, 30, 40, 50]"
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proc peekLast[T](deq: Deque[T]): lent T {.inline.}: Returns the last element of deq, but does not remove it from the deque.

See also:

peekLast proc which returns a mutable reference

peekFirst proc

Example:

let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]" assert a.peekLast == 50 assert len(a) == 5
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proc peekLast[T](deq: var Deque[T]): var T {.inline.}: Returns a mutable reference to the last element of deq, but does not remove it from the deque.

See also:

peekFirst proc

peekLast proc

Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque a.peekLast() = 99 assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 99]"
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proc popFirst[T](deq: var Deque[T]): T {.inline, discardable.}: Removes and returns the first element of the deq.

See also:

popLast proc

shrink proc

Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]" assert a.popFirst == 10 assert $a == "[20, 30, 40, 50]"
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proc popLast[T](deq: var Deque[T]): T {.inline, discardable.}: Removes and returns the last element of the deq.

See also:

popFirst proc

shrink proc

Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]" assert a.popLast == 50 assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40]"
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proc shrink[T](deq: var Deque[T]; fromFirst = 0; fromLast = 0): Removes fromFirst elements from the front of the deque and fromLast elements from the back.

If the supplied number of elements exceeds the total number of elements in the deque, the deque will remain empty.

See also:

clear proc

popFirst proc

popLast proc

Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]" a.shrink(fromFirst = 2, fromLast = 1) assert $a == "[30, 40]"
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proc toDeque[T](x: openArray[T]): Deque[T]: Creates a new deque that contains the elements of x (in the same order).

See also:

initDeque proc

Example:

let a = toDeque([7, 8, 9]) assert len(a) == 3 assert $a == "[7, 8, 9]"
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Iterators

iterator items[T](deq: Deque[T]): lent T: Yields every element of deq.

See also:

mitems iterator

Example:

from std/sequtils import toSeq let a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque assert toSeq(a.items) == @[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
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iterator mitems[T](deq: var Deque[T]): var T: Yields every element of deq, which can be modified.

See also:

items iterator

Example:

var a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50].toDeque assert $a == "[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]" for x in mitems(a): x = 5 * x - 1 assert $a == "[49, 99, 149, 199, 249]"
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iterator pairs[T](deq: Deque[T]): tuple[key: int, val: T]: Yields every (position, value)-pair of deq.
Example:

from std/sequtils import toSeq let a = [10, 20, 30].toDeque assert toSeq(a.pairs) == @[(0, 10), (1, 20), (2, 30)]
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std/deques

See also

Imports

Types

Consts

Procs

Iterators